A mathematical programming approach for scheduling equipment in a surface coal mining operation     

Gerrit V. R. Goodman  Subhash C. Sarin 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》1988,6(4):327-341

Summary A mathematical programming model for scheduling open pit mining was developed and validated using data from a surface mining operation. A two-phase solution procedure was used involving repeated evaluations of an integer scheduling model and a simple transportation model.  相似文献   

Cloud detection and analysis: A review of recent progress   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

A.H. Goodman  A. Henderson-Sellers 《Atmospheric Research》1988,21(3-4)

The major types of cloud retrieval algorithms are reviewed with special emphasis being placed upon recent (i.e., post 1981/1982) developments and novel techniques. Satellite-based retrieval algorithms can be grouped into three classes: threshold methods, statistical procedures, and radiative transfer techniques, although each algorithm depends upon implicit, if not overt, inversion of the radiative transfer equation. The fourth type of retrieval differs very considerably from the satellite-based techniques as it depends upon surface-based measurements which are generally, but not always, human rather than computer based. There is a tendency to assume that surface-based observations, especially of total cloud amount, are “correct” but that they may differ from satellite-based retrievals because of the differences in viewing geometry. Actually the literature reveals surprisingly few intercomparison studies. None of the satellite-based techniques have yet been well-validated in a variety of situations, while surface-based observations are made in all terrain and climate regimes. Overall there seems to be good reason to believe that surface-based observations of cloud amount and especially of low cloud amount, character, and base height, can add significantly to satellite-based global nephanalyses now operational or currently being planned.  相似文献   

Aquifer Parameters from a One-Dimensional Steady-Leaky Type Curve     

Louis H. Motz 《Ground water》1990,28(3):350-356

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Chemistry of alkali extraction of brown coals—I. Kinetics, characterisation and implications to coalification     

Louis S.K. Pang  Anthony M. Vassallo  Michael A. Wilson   《Organic Geochemistry》1990,16(4-6)

Three Australian brown coals have been separated into humin and humic acid fractions and studied by high resolution solid state ¹³C NMR spectroscopy and Fourier transform IR spectroscopy. The aromatic rings of the humic acids are highly substituted showing that extensive cross linking must have occurred during formation from wood lignin and tannin. However, the humins contain more aliphatic carbon and hydrogen than the corresponding humic acids. This shows that little cross linking has occurred with other components of the brown coal such as resins, waxes cutin and algal detritus, and cross linking has not rendered the aromatics alkali insoluble. The kinetics of extraction are complex and not simple first order. This is reflected in the chemical composition of the humic acid which is extraction temperature dependent. We also observed that there is a conversion of aromatic carbon to aliphatic carbon and gas during extraction, probably by alkaline oxidation, resulting in ring opening. A range of suitable model compounds have been studied to confirm this finding. Such a mechanism may account for the modification of lignin in oxidising environments such as those occurring in the initial stages of coalification (lignite or brown coal formation) and in soils.  相似文献   

Plio-Quaternary geodynamic evolution of a segment of the Peruvian Andean Cordillera located above the change in the subduction geometry: the Cuzco region     

Justo Cabrera  Michel S  brier  Jacques Louis Mercier 《Tectonophysics》1991,190(2-4):331-362

The Cuzco region, which is located above a change in subduction geometry, appears to be characterized by a variable Plio-Quaternary tectono-sedimentary evolution essentially located along the major fault system that separates the High Plateaux from the Eastern Cordillera. After the higher surface formation of the High Plateaux, a set of Neogene basins were filled by Miocene “ fluvio-torrential” series and by Plio-Pleistocene fluvio-lacustrine deposits. The Neogene series have been affected by compressional tectonic forces attributed to the Late Miocene. This compression is followed by roughly E-W trending syn-sedimentary extensional tectonics attributed to the Pliocene; it is related to reactivation of the pre-existing major faults, basin evolution, and volcanic activity concentrated along the faults. In the Early Pleistocene, fluvio-lacustrine deposits are affected by syn- and post-sedimentary compressional tectonism it is characterized by shortening that trends both N-S and E-W and produces folding and faulting of the sedimentary cover. Extensional tectonism trending roughly N-S has been taking place from the Middle Pleistocene to the Present; it is coeval with shoshonitic volcanic activity, and with sedimentation of fluvio-lacustrine terraces, torrential fans and moraines. Quaternary and active normal faults due to this tectonism, are located in a narrow zone more than 100 km-long between the High Plateaux and the Eastern Cordillera, and two 15 km-long fault sectors in the Eastern Cordillera. Characteristic Pleistocene scarps, 400 m or more high, are due to the cumulative normal offset, and there are also little scarps, with heights ranging between 2 and 20 m, which are related to Holocene fault reactivations. Recent fault reactivation on the Cuzco fault system, during the April 5, 1986 earthquake (m_b = 5.3), is due to the N-S trending extension. This state of stress, located at a mean elevation of roughly 3730 m, is generally homogeneous to different scales. The active Cuzco normal faults may be a consequence of adjustment between the compensated Western Cordillera and the undercompensated Eastern Cordillera, this latter being uplifted higher than its isostatic equilibrium due to compression acting on its eastern edge. The variation of the state of stress, during the Plio-Quaternary is in agreement with the variations of the compressional boundary forces. It may be explained by variation of the convergence rate or by the variation of pull-slab forces.  相似文献   

Rocky shore monitoring     

Keith Hiscock  Keith Goodman 《Marine pollution bulletin》1984,15(8):310-311

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A three-dimensional,iterative mapping procedure for the implementation of an ionosphere-magnetosphere anisotropic Ohm’s law boundary condition in global magnetohydrodynamic simulations     

Michael L. Goodman 《Annales Geophysicae》1995,13(8):843-853

The mathematical formulation of an iterative procedure for the numerical implementation of an ionosphere-magnetosphere (IM) anisotropic Ohm’s law boundary condition is presented. The procedure may be used in global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of the magnetosphere. The basic form of the boundary condition is well known, but a well-defined, simple, explicit method for implementing it in an MHD code has not been presented previously. The boundary condition relates the ionospheric electric field to the magnetic field-aligned current density driven through the ionosphere by the magnetospheric convection electric field, which is orthogonal to the magnetic field B, and maps down into the ionosphere along equipotential magnetic field lines. The source of this electric field is the flow of the solar wind orthogonal to B. The electric field and current density in the ionosphere are connected through an anisotropic conductivity tensor which involves the Hall, Pedersen, and parallel conductivities. Only the height-integrated Hall and Pedersen conductivities (conductances) appear in the final form of the boundary condition, and are assumed to be known functions of position on the spherical surface R=R₁ representing the boundary between the ionosphere and magnetosphere. The implementation presented consists of an iterative mapping of the electrostatic potential , the gradient of which gives the electric field, and the field-aligned current density between the IM boundary at R=R₁ and the inner boundary of an MHD code which is taken to be at R₂>R₁. Given the field-aligned current density on R=R₂, as computed by the MHD simulation, it is mapped down to R=R₁ where it is used to compute by solving the equation that is the IM Ohm’s law boundary condition. Then is mapped out to R=R₂, where it is used to update the electric field and the component of velocity perpendicular to B. The updated electric field and perpendicular velocity serve as new boundary conditions for the MHD simulation which is then used to compute a new field-aligned current density. This process is iterated at each time step. The required Hall and Pedersen conductances may be determined by any method of choice, and may be specified anew at each time step. In this sense the coupling between the ionosphere and magnetosphere may be taken into account in a self-consistent manner.  相似文献   

Production and pelagic dissolution of biogenic silica in the Southern Ocean     

David M. Nelson  Louis I. Gordon 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1982,46(4):491-501

Vertical distributions of particulate silica, and of production and dissolution rates of biogenic silica, were determined on two N-S transects across the Pacific sector of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current during the austral spring of 1978. Particulate silica profiles showed elevated levels in surface water and near the bottom, with low (35–110 nmol Si · 1^?1) and vertically uniform values through the intervening water column. Both the particulate silica content of the upper 200 m and the production rate of biogenic silica in the photic zone increased from north to south, reaching their highest values near the edge of the receding pack ice. A significant, but variable, fraction (18–58%) of the biogenic silica produced in the surface layer was redissolving in the upper 90–98 m. Net production of biogenic silica in the surface layer (production minus dissolution) was proceeding at a mean rate of ca. 2 mmol Si · m^?2 · day^?1. This is ca. 4 times greater than the most recent estimate of the mean accumulation rate of siliceous sediments beneath the ACC. We estimate, based on mass balance, that the mean dissolution rate of biogenic silica in subsurface water column in the Southern Ocean is 1.2–2.9 mmol Si · m^?2 · day^?1.  相似文献   

Les Facies de Transgression du Trias sur la Bordure Nord-est du Massif Central Français     

Louis Courel 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1982,71(3):773-781

Résumé La transgression triasique est suivie d'Est en Ouest sur la bordure du Massif Central français. Les formations sont de plus en plus récentes vers l'Ouest, indépendamment de leur faciès. Les limites du Buntsandstein et du Trias supérieur semblent locales et d'origine tectonique, tandis que la limite du Ladinien supérieur parait plus générale et correspond à la période où le caractère marin de la transgression sur les massifs hercyniens était le plus franc.Le début de la transgression aniso-ladinienne est daté pour l'Anisien par des empreintes de Reptiles et pour les faciès les plus marins du Ladinien par des Foraminifères et des pollens. A cette période, des microfaunes mésogéennes de mer ouverte apparaissent sur les bordures.Dans les faciès de transgression réduits, le Trias est constitué de grès fins silteux à pseudomorphoses de sel gemme et empreintes de Reptiles, étalés par une mer pelliculaire sur une surface plate. Le socle sous-jacent a fourni peu de matériel clastique et les courants sont orientés du Nord au Sud. Les évaporites sont plus concentrées sur la bordure que plus au large, ce qui implique une certaine aridité pendant toute la période de la transgression.Les faciès de bordure les plus avancés sur le socle sont formés d'une dolomie paralique supratidale déposée dans des lagunes évaporitiques. Sur les massifs hercyniens, des fractures et des failles ouvertes ont permis des circulations auxquelles sont liés des remplissages carbonates et des minéralisations.

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Conditions of the triassic transgression are analysed from East to West across the eastern border of the Central Massif. Formations directly overlying the basement get younger and younger westwards, without relation with the environment. Buntsandstein and upper Triassic boundaries appear to be syntectonic local limits. The upper Ladininian boundary seems to be more general and connected with the main period of the marine environment for the transgression on the variscan basement rocks. The anisoladinian transgression beginns during the anisian age as indicated by fooprints, while ladinian age is supported by mesogean foraminifera and palynology during the climax of the transgression, in an open sea environment.Silty fine sandstones with footprints and salt casts constitute the triassic transgression facies on the flattened border of the Central Massif. The underlying basement supplied only a little arenaceous material and the currents are oriented from Nord to South. Evaporites are more concentrated at the boundary of the transgression than towards the basin, what means aridity.Paralic supratidal dolomite constitutes the most external deposits at the transgression limit, in a syntectonic environment. Dolomite infillings and ore deposits are connected with water circulations along faults and fractures.

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Zusammenfassung Die Triastransgressionsschichten werden von Osten nach Westen am Nordrand des französischen Zentralmassivs beschrieben. Die auf dem Grundgebirge auflagernden Basisschichten werden, unabhängig von ihrer Faziesausbildung, nach Westen stets jünger. Die Begrenzungen der Ablagerungen des Buntsandsteins und der oberen Trias werden nur lokal, wahrscheinlich in Abhängigkeit von synsedimentären, tektonischen Strukturen angetroffen. Die Beckenausdehnung am Top des oberen Ladiniums ist dagegen zusammenhängend zu erkennen. Sie entspricht den eindeutigeren marinen Transgressionsverhältnissen auf dem variskischen Sockel.Die einsetzende Transgression des Aniso-Ladiniums wird durch Reptilienfährten als anisisch und die stärker marinen Ablagerungen durch Foraminiferen und Pollen als ladinisch datiert. In diesem Zeitabschnitt dringen offenmarine, mesogäische Mikrofossilien bis zum Beckenrand vor.Die geringmächtigen Transgressionsablagerungen bestehen aus siltigen Feinsanden mit Steinsalzpseudomorphosen und Reptilienfährten. Diese Sande wurden von einem sehr seichten Meer auf dem stark eingeebneten Grundgebirge verteilt. Das Grundgebirge hat nur sehr wenige klastische Abtragungsprodukte geliefert. Die Strömungen waren von Norden nach Süden ausgerichtet. Evaporite treten stärker in den randlichen Gebieten als zum offenen Becken hin auf. Dies zeigt auf eine ausgeprägte Aridität während der gesamten Transgressionszeit hin.Die am weitesten zum Festland hin vorgeschobenen Transgressionssedimente bestehen aus paralischen, subpratidalen Dolomiten, die sich in evaporitischen Lagunen bildeten. Die in den offenen Spalten und Verwerfungen des Grundgebirges zirkulierenden Lösungen führten zu Dolomitausfällungen und zu schichtgebundenen Vererzungen.

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XXth IAG General Assembly Report of the Secretary General     

Michel Louis 《Journal of Geodesy》1992,66(2):112-119

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